[ { "slug": "beagle-2", "name": "Beagle 2", "entity": "ESA / UK", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "failure", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 11.52879, "longitude_east_360": 90.43139, "longitude_east_180": 90.43139, "site_name": "Isidis Planitia. Position fixed by co-registering HiRISE, CTX and Mars Express HRSC imagery in the 2017 Royal Society Open Science paper by members of the Beagle 2 team. It is about 4 km from the nominal landing point recalculated in 2004 and, per that paper, within about 20 km of the pre-launch 2003 target. The HiRISE observation page gives the slightly rounder 11.517 N, 90.437 E. The identification is an orbital one and has never been confirmed on the ground.", "coordinate_source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5666264/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/beagle-2" }, { "slug": "curiosity", "name": "Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory)", "entity": "NASA", "type": "rover", "outcome": "operating", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": -4.589467, "longitude_east_360": 137.441633, "longitude_east_180": 137.441633, "site_name": "Bradbury Landing, on Aeolis Palus between the northern wall of Gale crater and the lower slopes of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp). Confirmed and exact: these are the coordinates of the first entry in NASA's own MSL traverse file, which records the rover's landed position at sol 3, and they match the 4.5895 S, 137.4417 E quoted throughout the mission literature. The same record gives an elevation of -4,500.971 m relative to the areoid, the equipotential surface derived from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data that serves as the planet's vertical datum; published mission summaries round this to -4,501 m, so the two agree to within a metre. The recorded heading at touchdown was 111.52 degrees. NASA named the spot Bradbury Landing on 22 August 2012, which would have been Ray Bradbury's 92nd birthday.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/MSL/Layers/json/MSL_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-09-03", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/curiosity" }, { "slug": "descent-hardware", "name": "What we left behind: parachutes, backshells and heat shields", "entity": "various", "type": "descent-hardware", "outcome": "success", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.465, "longitude_east_360": 77.43, "longitude_east_180": 77.43, "site_name": "Representative pin only: the centre of HiRISE frame ESP_068294_1985 in Jezero Crater, taken on 19 February 2021, which contains Perseverance's parachute and backshell, its heat shield, the crashed descent stage and the rover itself. It is a frame centre, not the position of any single object. HiRISE frame centres for the other sites, all east longitude: Viking 1 hardware 22.273 N, 312.054 E; Viking 2 47.673 N, 134.300 E; Pathfinder 19.086 N, 326.763 E; Spirit 14.593 S, 175.499 E; Opportunity 2.004 S, 354.480 E; Phoenix 68.205 N, 234.260 E; Curiosity 4.598 S, 137.448 E, with the tungsten ballast craters at 4.404 S, 136.100 E; InSight 4.495 N, 135.623 E; Schiaparelli 2.118 S, 353.794 E; Tianwen-1 and Zhurong 25.102 N, 109.914 E; Beagle 2 11.524 N, 90.445 E.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_068294_1985", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/descent-hardware" }, { "slug": "face-on-mars", "name": "The Face on Mars", "entity": "NASA, ESA and the planetary and vision science communities", "type": "topic", "outcome": "reference", "era": "reference", "latitude": 40.745, "longitude_east_360": 350.543, "longitude_east_180": -9.457, "site_name": "Cydonia Mensae, in the highland-to-lowland transition zone of western Arabia Terra, roughly halfway between the craters Arandas and Bamberg. These are the centre coordinates of HiRISE observation PSP_003234_2210, the sharpest image of the landform we found. Older sources give the position in west longitude instead: 40.9 N, 9.45 W in Carlotto's 1988 paper, 40.90 N, 9.52 W in the mission's own ancillary record for frame 035A72, and 40.8 N, 9.6 W in the 1998 Mars Global Surveyor release. All are the same hill; the HiRISE centre, 350.543 E, is 9.457 W.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_003234_2210", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/learn/face-on-mars" }, { "slug": "ingenuity", "name": "Ingenuity", "entity": "NASA", "type": "helicopter", "outcome": "ended", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.49726866, "longitude_east_360": 77.32253449, "longitude_east_180": 77.322534, "site_name": "Valinor Hills, at the airfield the team called Chi, about 7.8 km northwest of Perseverance's landing site and outside the western part of Jezero crater. These are the end point of Flight 72 in NASA's published Ingenuity flight-path data, downloaded 23 August 2026, which also gives an elevation of -2,398.77 m on the areoid. That reconstruction is where the helicopter came down and stayed; Perseverance photographed it there on 4 February 2024 from about 450 m, but NASA has not published an independently derived coordinate from that imagery, so treat the last decimal places as reconstruction precision rather than survey precision.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/m20_heli_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/ingenuity" }, { "slug": "insight", "name": "InSight", "entity": "NASA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "ended", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 4.502, "longitude_east_360": 135.623, "longitude_east_180": 135.623, "site_name": "Confirmed. Homestead hollow, a degraded impact crater about 27 m across on the plains of Elysium Planitia, at an elevation of -2,613.43 m. The position was fixed from HiRISE imaging acquired on 6 December 2018, so this is an observed location rather than an estimate. RISE X-band tracking over the mission's first 34 sols gave an independent inertial position about 220 m to the west; Golombek and colleagues treat that offset as cartographic map-tie uncertainty rather than as a disagreement about where the lander is. NASA's pre-landing press kit published the aim point as about 4.5 N, 135.9 E, and that rounder figure still circulates; it is the target, not the landing point.", "coordinate_source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7039939/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/insight" }, { "slug": "insight-mole", "name": "The HP3 Mole", "entity": "DLR / NASA", "type": "penetrator", "outcome": "failure", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 4.502, "longitude_east_360": 135.623, "longitude_east_180": 135.623, "site_name": "Homestead hollow, western Elysium Planitia. These are the InSight lander's coordinates, fixed from HiRISE imaging and published by Golombek and colleagues as 4.502 N, 135.623 E at an elevation of -2,613.43 m. The six-decimal pair 4.502384 N, 135.623447 E that circulates with this site is a different thing: it is the od133 radio-tracking solution quoted in the same paper, not the HiRISE fix. The mole sits in the instrument deployment workspace, the crescent of ground immediately south of the lander that the robotic arm could reach, roughly a metre or two from the lander body. No separately surveyed coordinate for the mole itself has been published, so this pin is the lander, not the instrument.", "coordinate_source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7039939/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-27", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/insight-mole" }, { "slug": "mapping-mars", "name": "Mapping Mars, and the Canals", "entity": "The IAU and four centuries of telescopic observers", "type": "topic", "outcome": "reference", "era": "reference", "latitude": -5.0743, "longitude_east_360": 0.0014, "longitude_east_180": 0.0014, "site_name": "Airy-0, the crater that defines zero degrees longitude on Mars. A small crater on the floor of the 43.05 km crater Airy, in Sinus Meridiani, which is itself the region Beer and Madler picked as their reference point in the 1830s. Its diameter is published two ways by the IAU itself: 0.50 km against the point geometry on the gazetteer's feature page, and 0.79 km against the mapped outline on the same page, with 0.78573 km in the downloadable nomenclature dataset. Coordinates here are the centre position in that dataset, planetocentric and east longitude. The catalogued centre is 0.0014 degrees east of zero, about 80 m, and the longitude system as a whole is fixed only to roughly 250 m.", "coordinate_source": "https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/115", "facts_checked": "2026-09-03", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/learn/mapping-mars" }, { "slug": "mars-2", "name": "Mars 2", "entity": "USSR", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "partial", "era": "first-orbits", "latitude": -45, "longitude_east_360": 47, "longitude_east_180": 47, "site_name": "Approximate and unconfirmed. This is the southern-hemisphere figure given on NASA's NSSDCA page for the Mars 2 orbiter (45 S, 313 W, which is 47 E) and used by English Wikipedia. NASA's own page for the Mars 2 lander instead gives 4 N, 47 W, and other references give 45 S, 302 W (58 E). No debris field has ever been identified, so none of these is a confirmed fix.", "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250815124219/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-2" }, { "slug": "mars-3", "name": "Mars 3", "entity": "USSR", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "partial", "era": "first-orbits", "latitude": -45, "longitude_east_360": 202, "longitude_east_180": -158, "site_name": "Ptolemaeus crater floor, between the regions Electris and Phaethontis. This is the published target and reported landing point (45 S, 158 W, which is 202 E) used by NSSDCA, JPL, HiRISE and Perminov; Siddiqi's NASA chronicle instead prints 44.90 S, 160.08 W, about 2 degrees of longitude west of it. Candidate hardware identified in HiRISE imagery in 2013 sits at roughly 45.04 S, 202.02 E, between the craters Belyov and Tyuratam and west of Reutov crater, but NASA states that alternative explanations for those features cannot be ruled out, so the fix is not confirmed.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mars-orbiter-images-may-show-1971-soviet-lander/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-3" }, { "slug": "mars-4-7", "name": "Mars 4, 5, 6 and 7", "entity": "USSR", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "partial", "era": "first-orbits", "latitude": -23.9, "longitude_east_360": 340.58, "longitude_east_180": -19.42, "site_name": "Mars 6 descent module, near Samara Valles in Margaritifer Terra (23.90 S, 19.42 W). Nominal point from the 1974 Soviet trajectory reconstruction, not a confirmed location: nothing was heard after 09:11:05 UT and the hardware has never been identified in orbital imagery. Mars 4, Mars 5 and Mars 7 never reached the surface and have no coordinates.", "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240530190837/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-4-7" }, { "slug": "mars-microphone", "name": "The Mars Microphone", "entity": "The Planetary Society / NASA / CNES", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "operating", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.44462715, "longitude_east_360": 77.45088572, "longitude_east_180": 77.450886, "site_name": "Octavia E. Butler Landing, Jezero crater. This is where the two working Mars microphones arrived on 18 February 2021, taken from the first record in NASA's Mars 2020 traverse file. It is not where they are now: both are bolted to Perseverance, which had driven about 45 km from this point by August 2026. The 1999 microphone is somewhere in the south polar layered terrain, inside a landing ellipse that has never been searched successfully, and has never been located; the 2008 microphone is aboard Phoenix in Vastitas Borealis, never used.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-08-27", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-microphone" }, { "slug": "mars-pathfinder", "name": "Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner", "entity": "NASA", "type": "rover", "outcome": "success", "era": "losing-decade", "latitude": 19.13, "longitude_east_360": 326.78, "longitude_east_180": -33.22, "site_name": "Carl Sagan Memorial Station, Ares Vallis outflow plain on the eastern edge of Chryse Planitia. Confirmed: MRO's HiRISE camera photographed the lander, backshell, parachute and probable heat-shield fragments on 21 December 2006. The value given here is JPL's published landing coordinate of 19.13 N, 33.22 W converted to east longitude. NASA's own documents do not agree to better than about 0.2 degrees: NSSDCA lists 19.33 N, 33.55 W (the inertial radio-tracking solution) and the PDS mission description gives 19.17 N, 33.21 W in the USGS reference frame. One caveat on the latitude: the 1997 publications used the Mars convention of the day, planetographic latitude with west longitude. The modern IAU standard is planetocentric latitude with east longitude, and at 19 N the two differ by roughly 0.2 degrees, about 12 km. The longitude conversion here (360 minus 33.22) is exact, but the latitude should be read as good to a few kilometres rather than to the second decimal.", "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251218035732/https://mars.nasa.gov/internal_resources/815/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-pathfinder" }, { "slug": "mars-place-names", "name": "The place names of Mars", "entity": "IAU", "type": "program", "outcome": "operating", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 22.273, "longitude_east_360": 312.054, "longitude_east_180": -47.946, "site_name": "Index pin: the Thomas A. Mutch Memorial Station, western Chryse Planitia, which is the Viking 1 lander. It is the oldest of the memorial names described here and the only one with a physical plaque waiting on Earth to be fixed to it. The coordinates are the HiRISE-confirmed position of the Viking 1 lander, planetocentric and east longitude, the same figure this catalogue uses on the Viking 1 page. The other places described here are pinned on their own entries.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001521_2025", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-place-names" }, { "slug": "mars-polar-lander", "name": "Mars Polar Lander", "entity": "NASA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "failure", "era": "losing-decade", "latitude": -76, "longitude_east_360": 165, "longitude_east_180": 165, "site_name": "Targeted landing site on the south polar layered terrain, Planum Australe, quoted by the project as 76 S, 195 W (165 E). UNCONFIRMED: these are the aim-point coordinates, not an observed impact site. No Mars Polar Lander hardware has ever been identified from orbit, the 2-sigma landing ellipse at the final targeting decision was about 138 km by 5.4 km, and the one published candidate location (near 76.7 S, 195.3 W) was explicitly retracted by the Mars Orbiter Camera team on 17 October 2005. The landing latitude was also moved from 75 S to 76 S after launch.", "coordinate_source": "https://llis.nasa.gov/llis_lib/pdf/1009464main1_0641-mr.pdf", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/mars-polar-lander" }, { "slug": "messages-to-mars", "name": "Messages to Mars", "entity": "USSR, NASA, ESA and CNSA", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "success", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.44462715, "longitude_east_360": 77.45088572, "longitude_east_180": 77.450886, "site_name": "Octavia E. Butler Landing, Jezero crater. This pin marks the densest single concentration of deliberate artefacts on Mars, the 2021 Perseverance set: three name chips on a laser-etched plate, an aluminium plate honouring health care workers, the Mastcam-Z sundial, the SHERLOC calibration target with its Martian meteorite slice and geocache coin, and, lying separately on the crater floor where they were cut away during the descent, the backshell and the coded parachute. The coordinates are the first record in NASA's Mars 2020 traverse file and are exact for the landing point, not for the rover, which has since driven away from it. The other objects in this entry are scattered: the Mars 3 pennant near 45 S 202 E, the Viking landers at 22.273 N 312.054 E and 47.6673 N 134.2809 E, Beagle 2 at 11.529 N 90.431 E, the Spirit and Opportunity plaques and shields in Gusev and Meridiani, Curiosity's plaque and penny in Gale, Ingenuity's Wright Flyer muslin at Valinor Hills, and Zhurong's stamped characters in southern Utopia Planitia.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/messages-to-mars" }, { "slug": "opportunity", "name": "Opportunity (MER-B)", "entity": "NASA", "type": "rover", "outcome": "ended", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": -1.946, "longitude_east_360": 354.473, "longitude_east_180": -5.527, "site_name": "Eagle crater, Meridiani Planum. This is the figure NSSDCA gives for where the lander came to rest, in IAU 2000 body-centred coordinates; NASA's own mission page prints a slightly different pair, 1.9483 S and 354.47417 E. The crater is about 20 m across and 2 m deep. Opportunity did not die here: its last transmission came from Perseverance Valley on the western rim of Endeavour crater, about 25 km away in a straight line, and the HiRISE frame that shows it there (ESP_056955_1775, 20 September 2018) is centred at 2.335 S, 354.652 E, which is an image centre rather than a rover fix.", "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250806101250/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-032A", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/opportunity" }, { "slug": "perseverance", "name": "Perseverance (Mars 2020)", "entity": "NASA", "type": "rover", "outcome": "operating", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.44462715, "longitude_east_360": 77.45088572, "longitude_east_180": 77.450886, "site_name": "Octavia E. Butler Landing, on the floor of Jezero crater below the western delta front. Confirmed and exact: these are the coordinates of the first record in NASA's own Mars 2020 traverse file (RMC 3_0, sol 13, noted as a site increment with no motion), and the same record gives an elevation of -2,569.91 m relative to the areoid, the equipotential surface that serves as Mars's vertical datum. NASA announced the informal name on 5 March 2021, honouring the Pasadena science-fiction writer Octavia E. Butler, the day after the rover's first drive of 6.5 m.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-09-03", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/perseverance" }, { "slug": "phoenix", "name": "Phoenix", "entity": "NASA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "ended", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 68.22, "longitude_east_360": 234.25, "longitude_east_180": -125.75, "site_name": "Confirmed. 68.22 N, 234.25 E areocentric, in Vastitas Borealis, the arctic plains, in an area NASA calls Green Valley. NASA's mission page carries these coordinates, and the lander itself has been imaged on the ground from orbit by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiRISE camera, in 2008 and again in 2010, so this is an observed position rather than an estimate. Two other figures circulate and neither is the landing point: the pre-launch aim point of 68.16 N, 233.35 E, and NSSDCA's nominal 68.15 N, 125.9 W (234.1 E).", "coordinate_source": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-phoenix/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/phoenix" }, { "slug": "prop-m", "name": "PrOP-M", "entity": "USSR", "type": "rover", "outcome": "failure", "era": "first-orbits", "latitude": -45, "longitude_east_360": 202, "longitude_east_180": -158, "site_name": "Approximate Mars 3 landing site, on the floor of Ptolemaeus crater in the southern hemisphere between Electris and Phaethontis, where the second PrOP-M is presumed to lie with the lander. APPROXIMATE AND UNCONFIRMED. The TASS communique of 7 December 1971 gave 45 degrees south, 158 degrees west, NSSDCA gives approximately the same, and JPL's 2013 release calls 45 degrees south, 202 degrees east the predicted landing site. That release publishes no coordinates for the candidate hardware itself, HiRISE principal investigator Alfred McEwen said alternative explanations for the features cannot be ruled out, a caveat not lifted as of August 2026, and the release does not mention PrOP-M at all. The first PrOP-M is also on Mars, in fragments: NSSDCA and Siddiqi put the Mars 2 impact near 4 N, 47 W, other published accounts give 45 S, 313 W, and the site has never been located.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mars-orbiter-images-may-show-1971-soviet-lander/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-27", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/prop-m" }, { "slug": "schiaparelli", "name": "Schiaparelli EDM", "entity": "ESA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "failure", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": -2.07, "longitude_east_360": 353.79, "longitude_east_180": -6.21, "site_name": "Meridiani Planum, about 5.4 km west of the aim point and well inside the nominal 100 by 15 km landing ellipse. ESA published 2.07 degrees south, 353.79 degrees east for the impact scar and the parachute together, so this locates the wreck to roughly a kilometre rather than being a surveyed fix for the crater alone; the HiRISE frame that resolved the hardware, ESP_048041_1780, is centred at 2.093 S, 353.780 E.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_views_Schiaparelli_landing_site", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/schiaparelli" }, { "slug": "send-your-name-to-mars", "name": "Send Your Name to Mars", "entity": "NASA and The Planetary Society", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "success", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": -14.5692, "longitude_east_360": 175.4729, "longitude_east_180": 175.4729, "site_name": "Columbia Memorial Station, the Spirit landing platform on the plains of Gusev crater. This pin is the resting place of one of the two Red Rover Goes to Mars DVDs, a silica glass disc holding more than four million names, which is still bolted to the lander petal where Spirit left it in January 2004 and is visible in the rover's own mosaic of its empty nest on sol 16. The value is NASA's published landing coordinate. The other name deposits on Mars are at Challenger Memorial Station in Eagle crater (1.946 S, 354.473 E, the second DVD), the Phoenix deck at 68.22 N, 234.25 E, the Pathfinder lander at 19.13 N, 326.78 E, the InSight deck at 4.502 N, 135.623 E, and on the decks of Curiosity and Perseverance, which move.", "coordinate_source": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mer-spirit/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/send-your-name-to-mars" }, { "slug": "spirit", "name": "Spirit (MER-A)", "entity": "NASA", "type": "rover", "outcome": "ended", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": -14.5692, "longitude_east_360": 175.4729, "longitude_east_180": 175.4729, "site_name": "Columbia Memorial Station, the landing platform on the plains of Gusev Crater, named for the seven astronauts killed when the shuttle Columbia broke apart on 1 February 2003. The value used here is NASA's published landing coordinate, 14.5692 S and 175.4729 E; NSSDCA's catalogue entry for the same event gives 14.572 S and 175.478 E, which is roughly 300 m away. Note that this pin is the landing station, not the rover. Spirit itself finished 7.73 km of driving at a spot called Troy on the west side of the Home Plate plateau, a few kilometres to the southeast; the HiRISE frame that caught it there on 31 March 2011, ESP_021925_1650, is centred on 14.637 S, 175.540 E. We have found no published coordinate for the rover's final resting position more precise than a tenth of a degree.", "coordinate_source": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mer-spirit/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/spirit" }, { "slug": "three-forks-depot", "name": "The Three Forks sample depot", "entity": "NASA", "type": "sample-depot", "outcome": "operating", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 18.4529, "longitude_east_360": 77.4082, "longitude_east_180": 77.4082, "site_name": "Three Forks, Jezero Crater, on flat ground near the base of the fan-shaped delta. Approximate. NASA has published a map of the depot but no coordinates for it, so this is the centroid of Perseverance's own end-of-drive parking positions on sols 652 to 686, taken from the mission's M20_waypoints.json file on 23 August 2026. Those are the rover's positions, not the tubes': each tube fell about 89 cm from the rover's belly. The ten parking spots span roughly 48 by 50 metres, with about 60 metres between the two farthest apart, which matches NASA's own February 2023 panorama caption putting the nearest tube 3 metres from the rover and the farthest about 60 metres.", "coordinate_source": "https://mars.nasa.gov/mmgis-maps/M20/Layers/json/M20_waypoints.json", "facts_checked": "2026-09-03", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/three-forks-depot" }, { "slug": "tianwen-1-cameras", "name": "Tianwen-1's deployable cameras", "entity": "CNSA", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "success", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 25.066, "longitude_east_360": 109.925, "longitude_east_180": 109.925, "site_name": "Southern Utopia Planitia. These are the coordinates of the Zhurong landing platform, fixed by Liu and colleagues at 109.925 E, 25.066 N and an elevation of -4,099.4 m from sub-metre imagery taken by Tianwen-1's own High Resolution Imaging Camera on 2 June 2021. The dropped camera is not at this exact point: CNSA states that the rover released it about 10 metres south of the landing platform. Ten metres is well below the precision of the published fix, and no separate coordinate for the camera has been published, so treat this as the site rather than the object.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01519-5", "facts_checked": "2026-08-27", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/tianwen-1-cameras" }, { "slug": "viking-1", "name": "Viking 1", "entity": "NASA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "success", "era": "viking", "latitude": 22.273, "longitude_east_360": 312.054, "longitude_east_180": -47.946, "site_name": "Western Chryse Planitia, about 28 km from the aim point. Planetocentric coordinates, east longitude, confirmed from orbit by the HiRISE camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on 22 November 2006, so this is a measured position rather than a navigation estimate.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_001521_2025", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/viking-1" }, { "slug": "viking-2", "name": "Viking 2", "entity": "NASA", "type": "soft-lander", "outcome": "success", "era": "viking", "latitude": 47.6673, "longitude_east_360": 134.2809, "longitude_east_180": 134.2809, "site_name": "Utopia Planitia, about 200 km west of the crater Mie. Planetocentric coordinates, east longitude, from NSSDCA; the HiRISE team publishes 47.673 N, 134.300 E for the same imaged spacecraft, roughly 800 m away, so treat the last decimal place in either figure as soft.", "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250806100722/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C", "facts_checked": "2026-08-23", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/viking-2" }, { "slug": "visions-of-mars", "name": "Visions of Mars", "entity": "The Planetary Society, with IKI and NASA", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "success", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": 68.22, "longitude_east_360": 234.25, "longitude_east_180": -125.75, "site_name": "Green Valley, Vastitas Borealis, the Martian arctic plains, on the deck of the Phoenix lander about a metre above the ground. The disc is bolted to the deck and has been photographed there repeatedly by the lander's Surface Stereo Imager, so both the artefact and its position are confirmed by direct observation rather than inference; the lander itself was imaged from orbit by HiRISE in 2008 and again in 2010. The coordinates are the ones NASA publishes for the Phoenix landing site. Two other figures circulate for Phoenix and are not the landing point: the pre-launch aim point of 68.16 N, 233.35 E and NSSDCA's nominal 68.15 N, 125.9 W.", "coordinate_source": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-phoenix/", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/visions-of-mars" }, { "slug": "wtc-aluminium-mars", "name": "World Trade Center Aluminium on Mars", "entity": "Honeybee Robotics, with NASA JPL", "type": "artefact", "outcome": "success", "era": "long-occupation", "latitude": -2.335, "longitude_east_360": 354.652, "longitude_east_180": -5.348, "site_name": "Perseverance Valley, on the western rim of Endeavour crater in Meridiani Planum, where Opportunity stopped. APPROXIMATE: this is the centre of HiRISE frame ESP_056955_1775, taken on 20 September 2018, which shows the rover in the valley; it is an image centre rather than a published rover fix, so treat it as good to a few hundred metres. Opportunity's own landing point in Eagle crater, about 25 km away in a straight line, is precisely known at 1.946 S, 354.473 E, but the rock abrasion tool travelled with the rover and is not there. The second shield is in Gusev crater on Spirit, which stopped at a place the team called Troy on the west side of the Home Plate plateau; the HiRISE frame that caught it there on 31 March 2011, ESP_021925_1650, is centred on 14.637 S, 175.540 E, and no more precise published coordinate for Spirit's final position has been found.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_056955_1775", "facts_checked": "2026-08-24", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/wtc-aluminium-mars" }, { "slug": "zhurong", "name": "Zhurong", "entity": "CNSA (China)", "type": "rover", "outcome": "ended", "era": "multipolar", "latitude": 25.066, "longitude_east_360": 109.925, "longitude_east_180": 109.925, "site_name": "Southern Utopia Planitia, near the Martian highland-lowland boundary, elevation -4,099.4 m. Determined after landing from sub-metre images taken by the Tianwen-1 orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Camera, so this is a measured fix rather than an estimate. A few papers round the longitude to 109.926 E or 109.92 E.", "coordinate_source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01519-5", "facts_checked": "2026-09-03", "page": "https://azmth.space/mars/missions/zhurong" } ]