{
  "title": "Human hardware on Mars: landing sites, impact sites, and the mission catalogue",
  "description": "Every place human hardware has reached on Mars, with coordinates, outcomes and per-row sources, plus the full mission catalogue.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "citation": "azmth.space Mars mission catalogue",
  "docs": "https://azmth.space/mars/data",
  "catalog_verified": "2026-08-23",
  "newest_entry_verified": "2026-09-05",
  "methodology_version": 1,
  "counts": {
    "rows": 30,
    "with_coordinates": 30,
    "entries": 123,
    "missions_in_catalog": 110
  },
  "notes": [
    "Coordinate quality varies enormously and the dataset does not hide that. Some rows are HiRISE identifications of the actual hardware on the ground, accurate to a few metres. Others are Soviet-era published targets that were never confirmed by imaging, and at least one is a candidate identification that remains disputed. Read site_name and follow coordinate_source before using a row for anything that matters.",
    "Some entries describe more than one vehicle (Mars 4 through 7 is four craft, for example), so counting rows is not the same as counting spacecraft. Do not derive a success rate from row counts.",
    "Planetary sources state Mars longitude east-positive in 0 to 360. Both that and the -180 to 180 form are given, because mapping tools expect the latter."
  ],
  "columns": [
    {
      "name": "slug",
      "description": "Stable identifier, also the page URL segment."
    },
    {
      "name": "name",
      "description": "Mission or object name as the catalogue presents it."
    },
    {
      "name": "entity",
      "description": "Operating organisation or organisations."
    },
    {
      "name": "type",
      "description": "flyby, orbiter, soft-lander, penetrator, rover, helicopter, aircraft, sample-return, sample-depot, descent-hardware, artefact, analogue, program or topic."
    },
    {
      "name": "outcome",
      "description": "success, operating, ended, partial, failure, in-development, planned, cancelled, debris or reference. \"ended\" means it succeeded and later stopped, which is distinct from failure."
    },
    {
      "name": "era",
      "description": "Catalogue era grouping."
    },
    {
      "name": "latitude",
      "description": "Areocentric latitude, degrees north."
    },
    {
      "name": "longitude_east_360",
      "description": "East longitude 0 to 360, as published by the source."
    },
    {
      "name": "longitude_east_180",
      "description": "The same longitude as -180 to 180."
    },
    {
      "name": "site_name",
      "description": "The place, and how confident the fix is. Read this."
    },
    {
      "name": "coordinate_source",
      "description": "URL for the coordinate specifically."
    },
    {
      "name": "facts_checked",
      "description": "ISO date the entry was last verified."
    },
    {
      "name": "page",
      "description": "Canonical page for this entry."
    }
  ]
}