{
  "title": "azmth Moon mission catalog",
  "description": "Landmark Moon missions from 1958 to today, successes and failures, with operator, type, outcome and year. Each row links to a sourced page.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "citation": "azmth.space Moon mission catalog",
  "docs": "https://azmth.space/moon/data",
  "catalog_verified": "2026-07-20",
  "newest_entry_verified": "2026-08-11",
  "count": 73,
  "missions": [
    {
      "slug": "pioneer-lunar-program",
      "name": "Pioneer Lunar Program (1958-1959)",
      "operator": "USA (ARPA/USAF, NASA, Army-JPL)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1958,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/pioneer-lunar-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-1",
      "name": "Luna 1",
      "operator": "USSR (OKB-1)",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "flyby",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1959,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-2",
      "name": "Luna 2",
      "operator": "USSR (OKB-1)",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "impactor",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1959,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-3",
      "name": "Luna 3",
      "operator": "USSR (OKB-1)",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "flyby",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1959,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-3"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ranger-program",
      "name": "Ranger Program",
      "operator": "NASA / JPL (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1961,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ranger-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "soviet-crewed-lunar-program",
      "name": "Soviet Crewed Lunar Program",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "cancelled",
      "year": 1964,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/soviet-crewed-lunar-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-soft-landing-failures",
      "name": "Luna soft-landing failures (E-6, 1963 to 1965)",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1965,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-soft-landing-failures"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-10",
      "name": "Luna 10",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-10"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-9",
      "name": "Luna 9",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-9"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-orbiter-program",
      "name": "Lunar Orbiter Program",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-orbiter-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "surveyor-1",
      "name": "Surveyor 1",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/surveyor-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "surveyor-2-7",
      "name": "Surveyor 2 to 7",
      "operator": "NASA / JPL (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1966,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/surveyor-2-7"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-8",
      "name": "Apollo 8",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1968,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-8"
    },
    {
      "slug": "zond-5",
      "name": "Zond 5",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "flyby",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1968,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/zond-5"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-10",
      "name": "Apollo 10",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1969,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-10"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-11",
      "name": "Apollo 11",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1969,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-11"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-12",
      "name": "Apollo 12",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1969,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-12"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-15",
      "name": "Luna 15",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1969,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-15"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-13",
      "name": "Apollo 13",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-flyby",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1970,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-13"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-16",
      "name": "Luna 16",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1970,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-16"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-17-lunokhod-1",
      "name": "Luna 17 / Lunokhod 1",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1970,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-17-lunokhod-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-14",
      "name": "Apollo 14",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1971,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-14"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-15",
      "name": "Apollo 15",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1971,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-15"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-18-23",
      "name": "Luna 18 and Luna 23",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1971,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-18-23"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-16",
      "name": "Apollo 16",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-16"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-17",
      "name": "Apollo 17",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-20",
      "name": "Luna 20",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-20"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-21-lunokhod-2",
      "name": "Luna 21 / Lunokhod 2",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1973,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-21-lunokhod-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-24",
      "name": "Luna 24",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1976,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-24"
    },
    {
      "slug": "hiten",
      "name": "Hiten (MUSES-A)",
      "operator": "ISAS (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1990,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/hiten"
    },
    {
      "slug": "clementine",
      "name": "Clementine",
      "operator": "BMDO/NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1994,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/clementine"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-prospector",
      "name": "Lunar Prospector",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1998,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-prospector"
    },
    {
      "slug": "smart-1",
      "name": "SMART-1",
      "operator": "ESA (Europe)",
      "nation": "Europe (ESA)",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2003,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/smart-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-1",
      "name": "Chang'e 1",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2007,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kaguya",
      "name": "Kaguya (SELENE)",
      "operator": "JAXA (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2007,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/kaguya"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-1",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-1",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2008,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lcross",
      "name": "LCROSS",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "impactor",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2009,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lcross"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter",
      "name": "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "operating",
      "year": 2009,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-2",
      "name": "Chang'e 2",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2010,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "artemis-p1-p2",
      "name": "ARTEMIS P1 and P2",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "operating",
      "year": 2011,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/artemis-p1-p2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "grail",
      "name": "GRAIL (Ebb and Flow)",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2011,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/grail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-3",
      "name": "Chang'e 3 and Yutu",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2013,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-3"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ladee",
      "name": "LADEE",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2013,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ladee"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-5-t1",
      "name": "Chang'e 5-T1 (Xiaofei)",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "flyby",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2014,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-5-t1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-gateway",
      "name": "Lunar Gateway",
      "operator": "NASA-led with ESA, JAXA, CSA, MBRSC (UAE)",
      "nation": "Multinational",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2017,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-gateway"
    },
    {
      "slug": "queqiao-1-longjiang",
      "name": "Queqiao-1 and the Longjiang microsatellites",
      "operator": "CNSA / Harbin Institute of Technology (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "relay",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2018,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/queqiao-1-longjiang"
    },
    {
      "slug": "beresheet",
      "name": "Beresheet",
      "operator": "SpaceIL / Israel Aerospace Industries (Israel, nonprofit-commercial)",
      "nation": "Israel",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2019,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/beresheet"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-2",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-2",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2019,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-4",
      "name": "Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover and Queqiao-1 relay)",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "operating",
      "year": 2019,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-4"
    },
    {
      "slug": "beresheet-2",
      "name": "Beresheet 2",
      "operator": "SpaceIL / Israel Aerospace Industries (Israel, nonprofit-commercial)",
      "nation": "Israel",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2020,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/beresheet-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-5",
      "name": "Chang'e 5",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2020,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-5"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ilrs",
      "name": "International Lunar Research Station (ILRS)",
      "operator": "CNSA (China) + Roscosmos (Russia), with ILRSCO partners",
      "nation": "Multinational",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2021,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ilrs"
    },
    {
      "slug": "artemis-1-cubesats",
      "name": "Artemis I CubeSats",
      "operator": "Ten secondary payloads (NASA, JAXA, ASI/Argotec, universities and companies)",
      "nation": "Multinational",
      "type": "flyby",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2022,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/artemis-1-cubesats"
    },
    {
      "slug": "capstone",
      "name": "CAPSTONE",
      "operator": "Advanced Space for NASA (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2022,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/capstone"
    },
    {
      "slug": "danuri",
      "name": "Danuri (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)",
      "operator": "KARI (South Korea)",
      "nation": "South Korea",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "operating",
      "year": 2022,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/danuri"
    },
    {
      "slug": "we0913a-rocket-body-2022",
      "name": "WE0913A (2022 rocket body)",
      "operator": "Unattributed (evidence points to China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "debris",
      "outcome": "debris",
      "year": 2022,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/we0913a-rocket-body-2022"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-3",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-3",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2023,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-3"
    },
    {
      "slug": "china-crewed-lunar-program",
      "name": "China's Crewed Lunar Program",
      "operator": "CMSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2023,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/china-crewed-lunar-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ispace-hakuto-r",
      "name": "ispace Hakuto-R Missions 1 and 2",
      "operator": "ispace (Japan, commercial)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2023,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ispace-hakuto-r"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-25",
      "name": "Luna 25",
      "operator": "Roscosmos (Russia)",
      "nation": "Russia",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2023,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-25"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-6",
      "name": "Chang'e 6 and Queqiao-2",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2024,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-6"
    },
    {
      "slug": "im-1-odysseus",
      "name": "IM-1 Odysseus",
      "operator": "Intuitive Machines (US, commercial, flying NASA CLPS payloads)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2024,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/im-1-odysseus"
    },
    {
      "slug": "peregrine-mission-one",
      "name": "Peregrine Mission One",
      "operator": "Astrobotic (US, commercial, flying NASA CLPS payloads)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2024,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/peregrine-mission-one"
    },
    {
      "slug": "slim",
      "name": "SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)",
      "operator": "JAXA (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2024,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/slim"
    },
    {
      "slug": "blue-ghost-1",
      "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1",
      "operator": "Firefly Aerospace (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2025,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/blue-ghost-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "im-2-athena",
      "name": "Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Athena)",
      "operator": "Intuitive Machines (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2025,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/im-2-athena"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-7",
      "name": "Chang'e 7",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2026,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-7"
    },
    {
      "slug": "falcon-9-upper-stage-2026",
      "name": "Falcon 9 upper stage (2025-010D)",
      "operator": "SpaceX (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "debris",
      "outcome": "debris",
      "year": 2026,
      "reached_surface": true,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/falcon-9-upper-stage-2026"
    },
    {
      "slug": "griffin-mission-one",
      "name": "Griffin Mission One",
      "operator": "Astrobotic (US, commercial; renamed Voyager Lunar Systems after Voyager Technologies' acquisition closed Jul 13, 2026)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2026,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/griffin-mission-one"
    },
    {
      "slug": "blue-moon-mk1",
      "name": "Blue Moon Mark 1",
      "operator": "Blue Origin (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2027,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/blue-moon-mk1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-4",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-4",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2028,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-4"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lupex",
      "name": "LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration)",
      "operator": "JAXA (Japan) and ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "Multinational",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2028,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lupex"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-8",
      "name": "Chang'e 8",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "planned",
      "year": 2029,
      "reached_surface": false,
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-8"
    }
  ]
}