{
  "title": "Human hardware on the Moon: landing sites, impact sites, and targets",
  "description": "Every place a spacecraft or piece of hardware from Earth reached the lunar surface, with coordinates, plus announced future landing targets. Compiled from agency sources; each row links to a page listing its sources.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "citation": "azmth.space Moon mission catalog",
  "docs": "https://azmth.space/moon/data",
  "catalog_verified": "2026-07-20",
  "newest_entry_verified": "2026-08-11",
  "methodology_version": 1,
  "counts": {
    "rows": 50,
    "arrived": 46,
    "future_targets": 4,
    "missions_in_catalog": 73
  },
  "notes": [
    "Coordinates are as published by the cited source, usually a NASA/LROC or NSSDCA solution. Precision varies by decades: an Apollo site is known to metres, an early Soviet impact to tens of kilometres.",
    "Where a position is approximate or predicted rather than measured, site_name says so. Read it before plotting.",
    "One catalog entry can cover several vehicles (a lander and its rover share a site).",
    "This is a curated landmark catalog, not a complete inventory of every object on the Moon. Deliberately impacted Apollo rocket stages and spent lunar orbiters are not all individually listed."
  ],
  "columns": [
    {
      "name": "slug",
      "description": "Stable identifier, also the URL path segment on azmth.space"
    },
    {
      "name": "name",
      "description": "Mission or object name"
    },
    {
      "name": "operator",
      "description": "Agency or company, as the catalog records it"
    },
    {
      "name": "nation",
      "description": "Country grouping: United States, Soviet Union, China, India, Japan, Israel, Russia, South Korea, Europe (ESA), or Multinational"
    },
    {
      "name": "type",
      "description": "flyby, impactor, orbiter, soft-lander, rover, sample-return, relay, crewed-flyby, crewed-orbiter, crewed-landing, program, or debris"
    },
    {
      "name": "outcome",
      "description": "success, partial, failure, operating, in-development, planned, cancelled, or debris. \"debris\" sits outside the success scale: a discarded rocket stage is not a mission that went well or badly"
    },
    {
      "name": "year",
      "description": "Identifying year: landing or impact year for arrivals, target year for future missions"
    },
    {
      "name": "latitude",
      "description": "Selenographic latitude in degrees, positive north, -90 to 90"
    },
    {
      "name": "longitude",
      "description": "Selenographic longitude in degrees, positive east, -180 to 180"
    },
    {
      "name": "site_name",
      "description": "Named location or a note on the coordinate, including whether it is approximate or predicted"
    },
    {
      "name": "arrived",
      "description": "true if hardware actually reached this point; false for announced future landing targets"
    },
    {
      "name": "coordinate_source",
      "description": "URL of the source the coordinate came from, where one is recorded"
    },
    {
      "name": "url",
      "description": "The mission page on azmth.space, with full sourcing"
    }
  ],
  "sites": [
    {
      "slug": "luna-2",
      "name": "Luna 2",
      "operator": "USSR (OKB-1)",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "impactor",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1959,
      "latitude": 29.1,
      "longitude": 0,
      "site_name": "Palus Putredinis (impact area, approximate; NSSDCA range 29-31 N, 1 W to 1 E)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250309021103/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ranger-program",
      "name": "Ranger Program",
      "operator": "NASA / JPL (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "program",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1961,
      "latitude": -10.634,
      "longitude": -20.677,
      "site_name": "Ranger 7 impact crater, Mare Cognitum (the Known Sea), between Mare Nubium and Oceanus Procellarum; 14 m crater identified in LRO imagery",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/52",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ranger-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-soft-landing-failures",
      "name": "Luna soft-landing failures (E-6, 1963 to 1965)",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1965,
      "latitude": -31,
      "longitude": -8,
      "site_name": "Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds): the impact point the USSR announced for Luna 5's 12 May 1965 crash. It is the documented announcement, not a confirmed site: later analyses place the impact near 8 N 23 W, and Ksanfomality (2018) at 1.35 S 25.48 W.",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-036A",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-soft-landing-failures"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-9",
      "name": "Luna 9",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "latitude": 7.08,
      "longitude": -64.37,
      "site_name": "Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms), west of Reiner and Marius craters; official Soviet-era coordinates, never confirmed in orbital imagery",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-9"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-orbiter-program",
      "name": "Lunar Orbiter Program",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "latitude": 6.35,
      "longitude": 160.72,
      "site_name": "Lunar far side (Lunar Orbiter 1 commanded impact, 577th orbit)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-073A",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-orbiter-program"
    },
    {
      "slug": "surveyor-1",
      "name": "Surveyor 1",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1966,
      "latitude": -2.4745,
      "longitude": -43.3398,
      "site_name": "Oceanus Procellarum, inside the Flamsteed Ring (Flamsteed P)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/surveyor-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "surveyor-2-7",
      "name": "Surveyor 2 to 7",
      "operator": "NASA / JPL (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1966,
      "latitude": -3.0162,
      "longitude": -23.418,
      "site_name": "Surveyor 3 site, southeastern Oceanus Procellarum (Apollo 12 landed about 155 to 157 m away)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/surveyor-2-7"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-11",
      "name": "Apollo 11",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1969,
      "latitude": 0.67416,
      "longitude": 23.47314,
      "site_name": "Tranquility Base, Mare Tranquillitatis",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/featured_sites/59",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-11"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-12",
      "name": "Apollo 12",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1969,
      "latitude": -3.0128,
      "longitude": -23.4219,
      "site_name": "LM Intrepid, Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum), near Surveyor crater; later designated Statio Cognitum",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-12"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-15",
      "name": "Luna 15",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1969,
      "latitude": 17,
      "longitude": 60,
      "site_name": "Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises), impact point (published estimate; crater never located)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-15"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-13",
      "name": "Apollo 13",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-flyby",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 1970,
      "latitude": -2.55,
      "longitude": -27.88,
      "site_name": "Apollo 13 S-IVB impact crater, north of Mare Cognitum",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/364",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-13"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-16",
      "name": "Luna 16",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1970,
      "latitude": -0.5137,
      "longitude": 56.3638,
      "site_name": "Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), ~100 km west of Webb crater",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/650",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-16"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-17-lunokhod-1",
      "name": "Luna 17 / Lunokhod 1",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1970,
      "latitude": 38.2376,
      "longitude": -35.0016,
      "site_name": "Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains), Luna 17 lander; Lunokhod 1 parked 8.5 km north at 38.3151 N, 35.0081 W",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/650",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-17-lunokhod-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-14",
      "name": "Apollo 14",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1971,
      "latitude": -3.64589,
      "longitude": -17.47194,
      "site_name": "LM Antares, Fra Mauro formation (between Doublet and Triplet craters, near Cone Crater)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-14"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-15",
      "name": "Apollo 15",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1971,
      "latitude": 26.13239,
      "longitude": 3.6333,
      "site_name": "Hadley-Apennine (Falcon landing site, next to Hadley Rille)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/featured_sites/63",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-15"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-18-23",
      "name": "Luna 18 and Luna 23",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 1971,
      "latitude": 12.6667,
      "longitude": 62.1511,
      "site_name": "Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises), southeastern edge; Luna 23 lies on its side ~2.3 km from where Luna 24 later succeeded",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-18-23"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-16",
      "name": "Apollo 16",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "latitude": -8.9734,
      "longitude": 15.5011,
      "site_name": "Descartes Highlands (Cayley plains)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-16"
    },
    {
      "slug": "apollo-17",
      "name": "Apollo 17",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "crewed-landing",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "latitude": 20.1911,
      "longitude": 30.7723,
      "site_name": "Taurus-Littrow valley",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/apollo-17"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-20",
      "name": "Luna 20",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1972,
      "latitude": 3.7863,
      "longitude": 56.6242,
      "site_name": "Apollonius highlands (Terra Apollonius), between Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Crisium, ~120 km N of Luna 16",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/9",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-20"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-21-lunokhod-2",
      "name": "Luna 21 / Lunokhod 2",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1973,
      "latitude": 26.005,
      "longitude": 30.406,
      "site_name": "Le Monnier crater, eastern rim of Mare Serenitatis (Luna 21 lander, LROC-derived); Lunokhod 2 parked 25.830 N, 30.914 E",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/699",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-21-lunokhod-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-24",
      "name": "Luna 24",
      "operator": "USSR",
      "nation": "Soviet Union",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1976,
      "latitude": 12.7142,
      "longitude": 62.2129,
      "site_name": "Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises), on the rim of a 64 m crater, ~2.3 km from the failed Luna 23",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/938",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-24"
    },
    {
      "slug": "hiten",
      "name": "Hiten (MUSES-A)",
      "operator": "ISAS (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1990,
      "latitude": -34.3,
      "longitude": 55.6,
      "site_name": "Between Stevinus and Furnerius, southeastern near side",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://darts.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/hiten",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/hiten"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lunar-prospector",
      "name": "Lunar Prospector",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 1998,
      "latitude": -88.14,
      "longitude": 45.91,
      "site_name": "Shoemaker crater, lunar south pole (crater center; the crash point on the permanently shadowed floor has never been located)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5494",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lunar-prospector"
    },
    {
      "slug": "smart-1",
      "name": "SMART-1",
      "operator": "ESA (Europe)",
      "nation": "Europe (ESA)",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2003,
      "latitude": -34.262,
      "longitude": -46.193,
      "site_name": "Lacus Excellentiae (Lake of Excellence) impact gouge",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/09/SMART-1_s_crash_site",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/smart-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-1",
      "name": "Chang'e 1",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2007,
      "latitude": -1.66,
      "longitude": 52.27,
      "site_name": "Chang'e 1 impact site, northern Mare Fecunditatis",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001910351830335X",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kaguya",
      "name": "Kaguya (SELENE)",
      "operator": "JAXA (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2007,
      "latitude": -65.5,
      "longitude": 80.4,
      "site_name": "Near Gill crater, southeastern near side",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2009/06/20090611_kaguya_e.html",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/kaguya"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-1",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-1",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2008,
      "latitude": -89.55,
      "longitude": -122.93,
      "site_name": "Jawahar Point (Jawahar Sthal), Earth-facing slope of the Connecting Ridge between Shackleton and De Gerlache craters",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "lcross",
      "name": "LCROSS",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "impactor",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2009,
      "latitude": -84.678,
      "longitude": -48.6926,
      "site_name": "Cabeus crater floor (permanently shadowed region), lunar south pole",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024GL110355",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/lcross"
    },
    {
      "slug": "grail",
      "name": "GRAIL (Ebb and Flow)",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2011,
      "latitude": 75.609,
      "longitude": -26.593,
      "site_name": "Sally K. Ride Impact Site (Ebb's crater), southern slope of an unnamed massif near Goldschmidt crater",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/596",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/grail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-3",
      "name": "Chang'e 3 and Yutu",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2013,
      "latitude": 44.1214,
      "longitude": -19.5116,
      "site_name": "Guang Han Gong, northern Mare Imbrium",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/637",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-3"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ladee",
      "name": "LADEE",
      "operator": "NASA (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2013,
      "latitude": 11.8494,
      "longitude": -93.2493,
      "site_name": "Eastern rim of Sundman V crater, lunar far side",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/822",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ladee"
    },
    {
      "slug": "queqiao-1-longjiang",
      "name": "Queqiao-1 and the Longjiang microsatellites",
      "operator": "CNSA / Harbin Institute of Technology (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "relay",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2018,
      "latitude": 16.6956,
      "longitude": 159.517,
      "site_name": "Longjiang-2 deliberate impact crater, lunar far side (4 by 5 m, located by LROC)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1132",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/queqiao-1-longjiang"
    },
    {
      "slug": "beresheet",
      "name": "Beresheet",
      "operator": "SpaceIL / Israel Aerospace Industries (Israel, nonprofit-commercial)",
      "nation": "Israel",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2019,
      "latitude": 32.5956,
      "longitude": 19.3496,
      "site_name": "Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity), lunar nearside",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1101",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/beresheet"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-2",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-2",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "orbiter",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2019,
      "latitude": -70.881,
      "longitude": 22.784,
      "site_name": "Vikram impact site, highland plain between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/vikram-lander-found/",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-2"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-4",
      "name": "Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover and Queqiao-1 relay)",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "operating",
      "year": 2019,
      "latitude": -45.4561,
      "longitude": 177.5885,
      "site_name": "Statio Tianhe, Von Kármán crater (South Pole-Aitken basin)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1100",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-4"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-5",
      "name": "Chang'e 5",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2020,
      "latitude": 43.0576,
      "longitude": -51.9161,
      "site_name": "Statio Tianchuan, northern Oceanus Procellarum",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1172",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-5"
    },
    {
      "slug": "we0913a-rocket-body-2022",
      "name": "WE0913A (2022 rocket body)",
      "operator": "Unattributed (evidence points to China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "debris",
      "outcome": "debris",
      "year": 2022,
      "latitude": 5.226,
      "longitude": -125.514,
      "site_name": "Double crater in the Hertzsprung region, far side (LRO-imaged)",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1261",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/we0913a-rocket-body-2022"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-3",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-3",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "rover",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2023,
      "latitude": -69.3741,
      "longitude": 32.32,
      "site_name": "Statio Shiv Shakti",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1314",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-3"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ispace-hakuto-r",
      "name": "ispace Hakuto-R Missions 1 and 2",
      "operator": "ispace (Japan, commercial)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2023,
      "latitude": 60.4445,
      "longitude": -4.588,
      "site_name": "RESILIENCE (Mission 2) impact site, Mare Frigoris",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1456",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/ispace-hakuto-r"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luna-25",
      "name": "Luna 25",
      "operator": "Roscosmos (Russia)",
      "nation": "Russia",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "failure",
      "year": 2023,
      "latitude": -57.865,
      "longitude": 61.36,
      "site_name": "Luna 25 impact crater, southwest rim of Pontecoulant G crater",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1311",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/luna-25"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-6",
      "name": "Chang'e 6 and Queqiao-2",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2024,
      "latitude": -41.6385,
      "longitude": -153.9852,
      "site_name": "Southern Apollo basin, inside the South Pole-Aitken basin (lunar far side); LROC-computed site 41.6385 S, 206.0148 E, elevation -5,256 m",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1374",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-6"
    },
    {
      "slug": "im-1-odysseus",
      "name": "IM-1 Odysseus",
      "operator": "Intuitive Machines (US, commercial, flying NASA CLPS payloads)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2024,
      "latitude": -80.13,
      "longitude": 1.44,
      "site_name": "Degraded 1-km crater near Malapert A, south polar highlands",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/lro/nasas-lro-images-intuitive-machines-odysseus-lander/",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/im-1-odysseus"
    },
    {
      "slug": "slim",
      "name": "SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)",
      "operator": "JAXA (Japan)",
      "nation": "Japan",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2024,
      "latitude": -13.316,
      "longitude": 25.251,
      "site_name": "Near Shioli crater, Mare Nectaris",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1358",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/slim"
    },
    {
      "slug": "blue-ghost-1",
      "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1",
      "operator": "Firefly Aerospace (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "success",
      "year": 2025,
      "latitude": 18.5623,
      "longitude": 61.8103,
      "site_name": "Eastern Mare Crisium, beside Mons Latreille",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1407",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/blue-ghost-1"
    },
    {
      "slug": "im-2-athena",
      "name": "Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Athena)",
      "operator": "Intuitive Machines (US, commercial)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "partial",
      "year": 2025,
      "latitude": -84.7906,
      "longitude": 29.1957,
      "site_name": "Crater near the center of Mons Mouton, lunar south polar highlands",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://lroc.im-ldi.com/images/1408",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/im-2-athena"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-7",
      "name": "Chang'e 7",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2026,
      "latitude": -88.8,
      "longitude": 123.4,
      "site_name": "Reported target near Shackleton crater (unofficial: CNSA has not published a landing site)",
      "arrived": false,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.china-in-space.com/p/change-7-to-start-searching-for-lunar",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-7"
    },
    {
      "slug": "falcon-9-upper-stage-2026",
      "name": "Falcon 9 upper stage (2025-010D)",
      "operator": "SpaceX (US)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "debris",
      "outcome": "debris",
      "year": 2026,
      "latitude": 19.461,
      "longitude": -93.293,
      "site_name": "Predicted impact point near Einstein crater. Not confirmed by imagery.",
      "arrived": true,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.projectpluto.com/25010d.htm",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/falcon-9-upper-stage-2026"
    },
    {
      "slug": "griffin-mission-one",
      "name": "Griffin Mission One",
      "operator": "Astrobotic (US, commercial; renamed Voyager Lunar Systems after Voyager Technologies' acquisition closed Jul 13, 2026)",
      "nation": "United States",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2026,
      "latitude": -84.6,
      "longitude": 31,
      "site_name": "Targeted region: the Mons Mouton plateau near Nobile crater, lunar south pole (feature coordinates; a specific landing point had not been published as of Jul 2026)",
      "arrived": false,
      "coordinate_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Mouton",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/griffin-mission-one"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chandrayaan-4",
      "name": "Chandrayaan-4",
      "operator": "ISRO (India)",
      "nation": "India",
      "type": "sample-return",
      "outcome": "in-development",
      "year": 2028,
      "latitude": -84.289,
      "longitude": 32.808,
      "site_name": "Targeted candidate site MM-4, Mons Mouton summit plateau (preliminary, not final)",
      "arrived": false,
      "coordinate_source": "https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2026/pdf/1198.pdf",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/chandrayaan-4"
    },
    {
      "slug": "change-8",
      "name": "Chang'e 8",
      "operator": "CNSA (China)",
      "nation": "China",
      "type": "soft-lander",
      "outcome": "planned",
      "year": 2029,
      "latitude": -84.6,
      "longitude": 31,
      "site_name": "Targeted region: Leibnitz-Beta Plateau (Mons Mouton), exact site not yet announced",
      "arrived": false,
      "coordinate_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Mouton",
      "url": "https://azmth.space/moon/missions/change-8"
    }
  ]
}