Venera-D

Roscosmos and NPO Lavochkin · Multinational · Orbiter · 2036 · Announced In development

In draft design, due to run from 2026 to 2028. Launch is planned for 2036.

TL;DR· 16 min read

Venera-D is Russia's planned Venus mission: an orbiter, a lander and two balloons for the clouds, developed by NPO Lavochkin with IKI RAN. Launch is planned for 2036. The draft design began in 2026 and is due to finish in 2028. Proposed in 2003, the mission was studied jointly with NASA from 2015 to 2021, was written into Russia's national space project in 2025 and is now developed as a Russian national mission.

When will Venera-D launch?

Venera-D is Russia's planned mission to Venus: an orbiter, a lander and two balloons that would drift in the clouds. Launch is planned for 2036, after a draft design that IKI RAN says began in 2026 and is due to finish in 2028. NPO Lavochkin is developing the spacecraft and IKI RAN leads the science. Proposed in 2003 around a long-lived lander, the mission has been redrawn many times: it was studied jointly with NASA from 2015 to 2021 and written into Russia's national space project in 2025. This page also covers the plans that grew around it: the long-lived station study, a wind flyer, Venera-Glob, the joint team with NASA, a second expedition planned in 2021, the Venera-V sample return idea, talk of Chinese partners and a balloon that lands.

Facts as of 4 November 2026, from the sources listed below.

2036planned launch year, as IKI's mission page gives it; Korablev (IKI) said in 2025 the date would be refined when the draft design is complete, 'not later than 2036'
2026 to 2028draft design period given by IKI director Anatoliy Petrukovich on 13 September 2026
11+different target launch years named since 2004, from 2013 to 2036; a floor, since the total depends on how ranges and backup windows are counted

Computer-generated render of the Venera-D spacecraft on a white background: a gold-foil-wrapped orbiter body with a large foil-covered cone on top, two solar wings, two round antenna dishes and a large dish antenna. — Computer generated view: Venera-D as NPO Lavochkin drew it in 2023, when the technical proposal was completed. It shows a design on paper; no such spacecraft has been built. NPO Lavochkin, via IKI RAN

Commonly wrong. Venera-D coverage often repeats details from plans that have since changed. (1) It is not being built yet: as of November 2026 it is in draft design, the stage that decides what will be built, and Korablev has said the launch date will be refined when that stage ends, 'not later than 2036'. (2) The 'long-lived' lander of the name was abandoned after a 2006 to 2007 study; the current lander is expected to work two to three hours, much like the Soviet landers, and the long-lived role has passed to balloons meant to last about 20 days to a month. (3) NASA is no longer part of it. The joint team stopped work in 2021 and Roscosmos declared US participation impossible in February 2022, so NASA's LLISSE station and the American small landers described in 2019 to 2021 are gone from the design. (4) Older launch dates (2016, 2026, 11 November 2029, 2031) and the January 2024 start of draft design are superseded, and none of them happened.

Venera-D is, for now, a design task and a line in a budget. On 13 September 2026 the director of IKI RAN, Anatoliy Petrukovich, told TASS that the draft design, the stage that fixes a spacecraft's appearance, cost and schedule, is under way and 'should last from 2026 to 2028'. The TASS wire adds, in its own words, that the mission belongs to the federal project Space Science with a presumed launch in 2036. No source found reports any flight hardware.

The 2036 date can be traced. RAN president Gennadiy Krasnikov announced it in an interview with Izvestia, reported by Interfax on 22 August 2025, five days after Oleg Korablev of IKI told TASS that Venera-D had been written into the national space project, that 'the money has already been allocated' and that the launch would come 'not later than 2036'. Two statements pull in opposite directions. Krasnikov told RIA Novosti the mission could fly earlier, while a Roscosmos draft presidential decree, published in June 2026, lists 'exploration of Venus by automatic spacecraft' under the heading 'after 2036'. Korablev himself said the date would be refined once the draft design is complete, so 2036 remains a plan.

Draft design has been promised before. On 15 May 2023 Roscosmos announced on its Telegram channel that NPO Lavochkin had finished the technical proposal, the step before draft design, and that draft design would begin in January 2024. That start did not come: on 7 November 2024 IKI's scientific director Lev Zelenyi told Interfax that the work was 'not being financed because of bureaucratic hitches'. In August 2025 Korablev gave a new start date, January 2026. No 2026 source confirms that month; Petrukovich and IKI give only the year. IKI's mission page said until at least 26 September 2026 that the move to draft design was 'expected in 2024'. By 4 November 2026 that line was gone, replaced by one saying the move 'took place' in 2026.

The letter D stands for the Russian word for 'long-lived'. IKI explains the name as a reaction to the Soviet landers, which worked on the surface for up to about two hours. Vasiliy Moroz of IKI proposed the mission in 2003, according to MIPT's magazine and RussianSpaceWeb. On 7 November 2005, two days before Europe's Venus Express was due to leave on a Russian Soyuz-FG, a Roscosmos spokesman told RIA Novosti that the Federal Space Programme provided for 'the long-lived surface station Venera-D', to be launched by 2015. RussianSpaceWeb, citing a transcript of the Academy's Space Council meeting of 19 May 2005, gives the intended stay on the surface as 30 days.

That goal did not survive the engineering study that followed. A research study in 2006 and 2007 concluded, in the words of the Solar System section of the RAS Space Council, that 'at the present level of technology' a long-lived surface station was not feasible within Venera-D. A draft RAN programme quoted by RIA Novosti in April 2012 repeats the passage but calls the station 'inadvisable'. Lyudmila Zasova of IKI told MIPT in 2018 that it 'quickly became clear' Russia had no electronics that could work for long on the surface, so the main element became a Venera and Vega type lander. A Lavochkin conference paper of 2015 examined the station again, according to the reference list of a 2016 Lavochkin article, though that paper itself was not seen.

By 2009 the definition study had produced several versions. RussianSpaceWeb, drawing on IKI and Lavochkin material, describes a base mission for a Soyuz-2.1b launch: an orbiter, two balloons drifting for about eight days, small probes dropped from the balloons, and a lander that would work for about an hour in tessera terrain. NPO Lavochkin also offered a kite-like 'wind flyer' meant to glide on the winds at 45 to 50 km for a month or more. RussianSpaceWeb reports that prototypes had been tested, but the flyer went no further.

Venera-Glob was where the ambitious pieces went. The Solar System section describes it as a project 'with launch after 2020': an orbiter and four to six modules descending into the atmosphere and to the surface at several places at once. RussianSpaceWeb reports that when Venera-D entered Phase A in 2011 its balloons, extra landers and flyer were deferred to follow-on missions, 'possibly' Venera-Glob, and that after Phobos-Grunt was lost in November 2011 Venera-Glob was deferred indefinitely. RIA Novosti's summary of the April 2012 draft programme says Venera-Glob's long-lived station and balloon probes could not be carried out 'in the coming decades'.

Venera-D itself kept sliding. Launch targets named between 2004 and 2011 included 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In April 2012 the draft RAN programme said the technical complexity and the need to revive industrial technologies for the lander ruled out a launch before 2024; by August 2012 a Lavochkin presentation placed it in 2026, according to RussianSpaceWeb. Accounts of what followed differ. Zasova told RT in 2021 that a budget sequester removed it from the Federal Space Programme in 2013, while MIPT's 2018 account says it was excluded 'after 2014' and 'in effect closed'; neither names the programme document. IKI says it was worked on from 2015 to 2025 in the prospective-work section of the 2016 to 2025 programme.

A joint team with NASA kept the design alive through those years. IKI says the Roscosmos/IKI and NASA Joint Science Definition Team was created in 2013 and began work in 2015, while the team's Phase II report says in its summary that the agencies chartered it in 2014 and elsewhere that it was established, and its charter signed, in 2015. The Phase II report of 31 January 2019 set a baseline: an orbiter in a near-polar 24-hour orbit for at least three years, and a Vega-type lander that would land at high northern latitude and last 2 to 3 hours (other sections of the same report say 3 hours and 'greater than 3 hr'). It would carry NASA's LLISSE, a small station meant to report surface conditions for at least 60 days. The report's launch windows were June 2026, January 2028, November 2029 and June 2031.

For a while the joint mission looked settled. In May 2019 a draft decision of the RAN Space Council proposed a 2029 launch for what RIA Novosti called the Russian-American mission. In March 2021 Zasova told RT that the Russian lander, designed for about two hours on the surface, would carry American small stations that would work for two to four months. IKI records that the team 'ceased work in 2021'. Roscosmos head Dmitriy Rogozin announced an agreement with NASA on 21 November 2021, according to Interfax, and said on 29 November that the US might pull out. After new US sanctions he declared that 'under sanctions, US participation in the project is impossible' (TASS, relayed by Naked Science on 27 February 2022).

China has been named as a possible partner twice, with nothing on record since. RussianSpaceWeb reports that Russian agency representatives at a 2010 aerospace exhibition in China said they had discussed cooperation on a Venus mission. In February 2022 Rogozin said he had ordered talks with Beijing covering Venus and other deep-space projects. No Venus agreement between the two countries has been found in any source up to September 2026. China's own plans are on China and Venus.

In 2021 Venus was presented as a programme of three launches. Reporting from the Moscow Solar System Symposium on 12 October 2021, RIA Novosti gave the launch date on Zasova's slide, 11 November 2029, and two more missions: one in June 2031 'to continue the study of the atmosphere', and one in June 2034 to bring back samples of atmosphere, aerosols 'and possibly soil'. No 2026 statement found mentions the second. In May 2023 TASS, citing the Roscosmos press service, reported a joint Roscosmos and Academy mission called Venera-V; the Roscosmos channel said they were studying 'the possibility' of returning soil, atmosphere and aerosol samples. No fetched source explains the letter V, and no 2026 statement found mentions Venera-V.

IKI's mission page gives the design as it stood after the 2023 technical proposal: an orbiter, a descent craft, a lander and two balloon modules. The orbiter would carry spectrometers, cameras, a lightning photometer, a plasma package and a radio occultation experiment, and its task list starts with superrotation, the fast spin of the atmosphere of Venus. The lander would study the atmosphere on the way down, then use seven cameras and four spectrometers on the ground. The balloons would drift at 56 and 54 km, studying weather, clouds, lightning and 'the possible habitability of the clouds'.

How long each piece would last depends on who is asked, and when. IKI's page gives the balloons about a month and a Scientific Russia article of September 2025, written with comments by Zelenyi, about 20 days; both set this against the 48 hours they give for the Vega balloons of 1985, which transmitted for about 46. On 14 October 2026 Oleg Kotsyurbenko, who leads the project's microbiology working group, said the balloon would search the clouds for possible signs of life for 'at least three weeks'. For the lander, the Scientific Russia article says calculations showed that two to three hours on the surface would be enough. Zelenyi explains that the team at first planned for the lander to work a day, but heavier insulation would have left too little mass for instruments. Interfax background paragraphs in 2024 and 2025 still say the module could work 'about a day', the figure Zelenyi describes as superseded. Zelenyi also named 2031 to 2032 as the nearest especially favourable launch period.

Life has become a public argument for the mission. Krasnikov told President Putin on 9 December 2025 that the project was there 'to look at markers of life on Venus', and RAS vice-president Sergey Chernyshev said in April 2026 that traces of life might be found. Both are hypotheses; Life on Venus sets out the evidence. No fetched source names a selected landing site. A 2022 conference abstract by D'Incecco, Zasova, Gorinov and others proposed Idunn Mons, a large volcano in Imdr Regio, with Mount Etna in Sicily as a place to rehearse drilling and analysis; it remains a proposal.

The Venera-D-related hardware found in 2026 reports is university work. The space news site Pro Kosmos wrote on 11 June 2026 that the Moscow Aviation Institute had tested, in an anechoic chamber, an antenna for a cubesat meant to relay data from Venera-D's balloons and landers to Earth. MAI staff and students of a joint programme with Khalifa University in the United Arab Emirates built the antenna. IKI's mission page does not list such a relay among the mission's elements.

Russian planners are already sketching what comes after Venera-D. On 2 April 2025 a science ministry release described a probe designed by the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry (GEOKhI RAN) with NPO Lavochkin engineers that combines a balloon and a reusable lander. It would drift at 50 to 60 km, dip from time to time to take soil with a sampler on a trailing rope, and climb back on steam from boiled water. Sysoev, Khmel and Slyuta published the modelling in 2024 in the journal Solar System Research. No flight has been announced.

Taken together, the record is a mission that has been redrawn around what Russia could fund and build. The 30-day lander became a two-to-three-hour lander, the balloons were dropped in 2011 and are back in the Russian-only design, and the NASA station that would have provided long life on the surface left with NASA. At least eleven target years have been named since 2004, and the current one depends on a draft design due to finish in 2028. Meanwhile DAVINCI, VERITAS, EnVision and India's Venus Orbiter Mission, all still in development, are also aiming at Venus, and other unflown Russian and Soviet plans are gathered on Soviet unflown Venus missions.

Mission facts

Organisations

Roscosmos (customer), NPO Lavochkin (spacecraft developer) and IKI RAN (lead science institute); studied jointly with NASA from 2015 to 2021

Name

Venera-D: the D stands for the Russian word for 'long-lived'. IKI says the letter meant adding a long-lived landing module to the mission.

Status (as of 4 Nov 2026)

Draft design. IKI's mission page says the move to this stage took place in 2026, and IKI director Petrukovich says it should last from 2026 to 2028 and must fix the spacecraft's appearance, its launch trajectory, the payload and the feasibility of every instrument. No flight hardware reported.

Planned launch

2036. RAN president Krasnikov named it in an Izvestia interview reported by Interfax on 22 August 2025, five days after Korablev (IKI) told TASS 'not later than 2036'; Pro Kosmos and RIA Novosti repeated 2036 in June 2026, and IKI's mission page gives 'Launch: 2036 (planned)'. Krasnikov has also said it could fly earlier; a Roscosmos draft decree of June 2026 puts Venus exploration by automatic spacecraft 'after 2036'.

Programme

Written into Russia's national space project, approved in June 2025, whose eight federal projects include Space Science, the one TASS, Pro Kosmos and IKI's mission page name for Venera-D in 2026 (IKI: 'since 2026'). Korablev (IKI) said on 17 August 2025 that 'the money has already been allocated'.

Who builds it

Customer Roscosmos; spacecraft developer NPO Lavochkin (chief designer of the complex Oleg Sedykh); lead science institute IKI RAN (scientific director Lev Zelenyi; deputies Oleg Korablev, Lyudmila Zasova, Dmitriy Gorinov).

Planned elements

Orbiter, descent craft, lander, a 'large' balloon module drifting at 56 km with 15 kg of instruments and a 'small' one at 54 km with 4 kg (IKI mission page).

Orbiter instruments (IKI list)

SVET (Fourier spectrometer and radiometer), VOLNA (ultraviolet spectrometer), VIKA (infrared spectrometer), IVOLGA (heterodyne spectrometer), VMK-VD (four cameras), SONET-V (lightning photometer), PLAZMA-V (plasma package) and a radio occultation experiment.

Lander instruments (IKI list)

In descent: weather package MTK-V, gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, laser spectrometer ISKRA-V, nephelometer NEFAS. On the surface: seven cameras (landing, microscopic and five panoramic), an X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectrometer, a laser mass spectrometer, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer and the gamma and neutron spectrometer AGNESSA.

Lander life on the surface

Readings differ by date: 30 days (2005 goal), about 1 hour (2009 base mission), more than 2 hours (2012), 1 to 2 hours (2016), 2 to 3 hours (JSDT 2019; Scientific Russia 2025), 'about a day' (Interfax background, 2024 and 2025), which matches what Zelenyi in 2025 called the original plan before calculations cut it to 2 to 3 hours.

Balloon life

About a month (IKI mission page), about 20 days (Scientific Russia article with comments by Zelenyi, September 2025) or at least three weeks (Oleg Kotsyurbenko, head of the project's microbiology working group, 14 October 2026). The 2009 base mission gave its two balloons about eight days.

Launcher

Angara-A5M (Scientific Russia, 2025); a TASS background paragraph of 14 October 2026 says Angara-A5. Earlier plans: Soyuz-2.1b for the 2009 base mission, and Angara-A5 with a KVTK or DM-03 upper stage from Vostochny in the 2019 joint report.

Joint Science Definition Team

Roscosmos/IKI and NASA team. Zasova (IKI) co-chaired both reports; US co-chairs were David Senske (JPL) for Phase I, and T. Gregg (University at Buffalo) for Phase II, which lists Senske and Lori Glaze as past co-chairs. Created 2013 and began work 2015 (IKI); chartered 2014 (Phase II summary), charter signed 2015 (its section 2.3); ceased work 2021 (IKI). Baseline: orbiter plus Vega-type lander carrying NASA's LLISSE station.

Second expedition (June 2031)

Middle mission of IKI's 2021 three-launch programme, 'to continue the study of the atmosphere'. No fetched source gives more than its date and purpose, and no 2026 statement found mentions it.

Venera-V

Sample return idea named in May 2023: Roscosmos and the Academy were studying 'the possibility' of returning soil, atmosphere and aerosol samples with new search-and-return and landing spacecraft. No design phase reported.

Venera-Glob

Follow-on concept 'with launch after 2020': an orbiter and four to six descent modules working at several sites, planned with Europe's EVE-2. Deferred indefinitely after Phobos-Grunt was lost in 2011 (RussianSpaceWeb).

Long-lived station study

Research study of 2006 to 2007 that found a long-lived surface station not feasible within Venera-D at the then level of technology.

Wind flyer

Kite-like 'wind flyer' (vetrolet in Russian) proposed by NPO Lavochkin in 2009 to glide at 45 to 50 km for a month or more (RussianSpaceWeb: at least a month in a realistic scenario); dropped from Venera-D by 2011.

China

Floated as a partner in 2010 (RussianSpaceWeb) and in February 2022, when Rogozin ordered talks with Beijing. No Venus agreement found up to September 2026.

GEOKhI balloon lander

Concept by the Vernadsky Institute and NPO Lavochkin (2024 paper, 2025 ministry release) for a balloon that dips to the surface for soil samples and climbs back on steam, meant for missions after Venera-D.

Mission timeline

2003Vasiliy Moroz of IKI proposes Venera-D for Russia's Federal Space Programme 2006 to 2015.
7 Nov 2005Roscosmos says the Federal Space Programme 2006 to 2015 provides for a long-lived surface station, Venera-D, to be developed and launched by 2015.
2006 to 2007A research study of a long-lived surface station finds it not feasible within Venera-D with current technology.
30 Sep to 2 Oct 2009First international Venera-D conference at IKI; a base mission on Soyuz-2.1b with two balloons, and NPO Lavochkin's wind flyer, are on the table.
2011Venera-D enters Phase A; balloons, extra landers and the flyer are deferred to follow-on missions, 'possibly' Venera-Glob, which is itself deferred indefinitely after Phobos-Grunt is lost in November 2011 (RussianSpaceWeb).
7 Apr 2012A draft RAN programme rules out a launch before 2024 and, per RIA Novosti, says the Venera-Glob long-lived station and balloon probes cannot be done in the coming decades.
2013 to 2014Venera-D is removed from the Federal Space Programme: in a 2013 budget sequester per Zasova (2021), 'after 2014' per MIPT (2018). IKI says it was worked on from 2015 to 2025 in the prospective-work section of the 2016 to 2025 programme.
2015The Roscosmos/IKI and NASA Joint Science Definition Team begins work.
31 Jan 2019The joint team's Phase II report sets a baseline of orbiter, Vega-type lander and NASA's LLISSE station, with launch windows from June 2026.
12 Oct 2021Zasova presents a launch date of 11 November 2029; RIA Novosti's report adds two further missions, in June 2031 and June 2034.
Feb 2022With the joint team already stopped in 2021 (IKI), Rogozin declares US participation impossible under sanctions and orders talks with China (reported 27 February).
May 2023Roscosmos: NPO Lavochkin has finished the technical proposal, draft design is to start in January 2024, and a sample return mission, Venera-V, is being studied.
Nov 2024 to Mar 2025Zelenyi says the draft design is not being financed because of bureaucratic hitches (7 November 2024), then that the launch, planned for 2031, will most likely slip to 2034 to 2035 (19 March 2025).
17 to 22 Aug 2025Korablev says Venera-D is in the national space project with money allocated and draft design due to start in January 2026; RAN president Krasnikov names 2036 as the launch year.
By 11 Jun 2026An antenna for a proposed companion cubesat relay, built by Moscow Aviation Institute staff and students, passes anechoic-chamber tests at MAI. The relay is absent from IKI's list of mission elements, and no Venera-D flight hardware has been reported.
26 Jun 2026A Roscosmos draft presidential decree lists Venus exploration by automatic spacecraft for the period 'after 2036'.
13 Sep 2026IKI director Petrukovich tells TASS the draft design is under way and should last from 2026 to 2028.
14 Oct 2026At the Moscow Solar System Symposium, Oleg Kotsyurbenko, head of the project's microbiology working group, says the balloon will look for possible signs of life in the clouds for at least three weeks.

A filled dot marks something that physically happened. A hollow one marks an announcement, a naming or a target.

In pictures

Illustration of the Venera-D spacecraft approaching Venus, with a spherical descent capsule on top of a propulsion stage with solar panels. Marked 'Illustration' in the corner. — Artist's concept: Venera-D approaching Venus, released by JPL in March 2017 while the joint Russian and American team was defining the mission. NASA/JPL-Caltech

Rendering of a 2009 Venera-D variant near Venus: a large ball-shaped lander capsule on top, smaller capsules for atmospheric balloons below it, and a cruise stage with solar panels. — Artist's concept: one 2009 Venera-D variant. The large ball on top would have held the lander, and the smaller capsules below it would each have carried a balloon; the balloons were dropped from the plan in 2011. IKI RAN, via Anatoly Zak / RussianSpaceWeb

Diagram with Russian labels of a descent sequence: a descent capsule enters the atmosphere at top right and splits into a lander, which descends under a parachute to landing on the left, and a balloon probe, whose envelope inflates under a parachute before it drops ballast and rises to drift altitude on the right. — Diagram, labelled in Russian: the arrival of a GEOKhI RAN and NPO Lavochkin balloon probe, from a ministry release of April 2025. A descent capsule (top right) splits into a lander that parachutes to the surface (left) and a balloon probe that inflates and climbs to its drift height (right). The balloon's later dips to the surface are not drawn. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (GEOKhI RAN and NPO Lavochkin concept)

Tap a photo to enlarge.

Translated from the original sources

Passages from the Russian sources this page draws on, in azmth's translation. Tap Show original to read the original wording.

TASS via Rambler: IKI director Petrukovich on the 2026 to 2028 draft design

Russian · 3 passages

TASS via Rambler: IKI director Petrukovich on the 2026 to 2028 draft design (13 Sep 2026)

When will Venera-D launch?

01 Mission facts

02 Mission timeline

03 In pictures

04 Translated from the original sources

TASS via Rambler: IKI director Petrukovich on the 2026 to 2028 draft design

Lenta.ru: draft design in two years

Interfax: Krasnikov, Venera-D to launch in 2036

TASS via VPK.name: Korablev, Venera-D enters the national space project

Roscosmos Telegram: technical proposal complete, draft design from January 2024, Venera-V

iXBT citing TASS: Roscosmos and RAN work on Venera-V

Interfax: launch may slip to 2034 to 2035

Interfax: Venus mission planned for 2031

Interfax: Venera-D in the draft state programme 2021 to 2030

RIA Novosti: Russia to launch a Venus station by 2015

RIA Novosti: Khartov, Venera-D in 2016

RIA Novosti: launch no earlier than 2024

RIA Novosti: RAN Space Council proposes a 2029 launch

RIA Novosti: launch planned for 11 November 2029; three-mission programme

RIA Novosti: Krasnikov reports to Putin on markers of life

RIA Novosti: Roscosmos draft decree, Venus exploration after 2036

MIPT 'Za nauku': Venera-D, the first long-lived mission to Venus

RT: interview with Lyudmila Zasova

Naked Science: Rogozin calls US participation impossible

Solar System section of the RAS Space Council: Venera-Glob project page

IKI RAN: Venera-D mission page

Pro Kosmos: MAI tests the antenna of a cubesat relay for Venera-D

Ministry of Science and Higher Education: a balloon lander for Venus

Sysoev, Khmel, Slyuta

Vorontsov, Karchaev, Martynov, Primakov

Scientific Russia: 'Long-lived', in search of life, with Lev Zelenyi

iXBT citing TASS: Chernyshev on traces of life and Venera-D

IKI RAN news: studying Etna to understand Venus

iXBT citing TASS: Venera-D at the draft design stage, Geoscan representative

Pro Kosmos: the RAS presidium discusses the national space project

TASS via Rambler: Kotsyurbenko on the balloon's search for signs of life

Lenta.ru: Venera-D to carry instruments to look for signs of life

05 Sources

Found this useful? Share it

Mission facts

Mission timeline

In pictures

Translated from the original sources

Sources